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So Aperture does not change the shapes or even the relative positions of objects in a scene. With aperture you can influence the Depth of field.

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The loss of light when closing the aperture is compensated by longer exposure and higher ISO values.

Where is that calculation?ДЇirst, Aperture does not limit or influence which part of a scene is depiced on the sensor. Quote: What you can see is limited to the aperture through which the light passes. More Informations: Looming, Towering, Stooping, and SinkingДЎ3 wabis (Walter Bislin, Author of this Page) | Aperture in the Curvature App These distortions are caused by small layers of cold air above warm surfaces.

On most images we see already streching and mirroring at the lowest layer even when the overall image is still lowered by the average Refraction. Only specific changes of temperature gradients near the surface can locally change the density gradient in such a way that distorted and mirrored layers and some Sinking may appear. Such conditions produce heavy distortions and mirages of differend kind rather than only Sinking, because the air is instable.Д«ecause the density of undisturbed air increases with decreasing altitude light is generally bent only downwards. To get a temperature decrease of more than 34.4 В°/km you must have a hot surface with a layer of cold air above. To bend light upward it has to be even greater, which can only accour in thin layers. For Refraction to be 0 the lapse rate on Standard Atmosphere should be 34.3 вЊ/km.

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However, there isn't much room to play with: the Standard Atmosphere already has a lapse rate of 6.5 вЊ/km, but convection limits lapse rates in the free atmosphere to about 10 вЊ/km. Laps rate is the negative Temperature-Gradient dT/dh. To produce Sinking instead of Raising, compared to Standard-Refraction, the atmosphere must have a steeper lapse rate than normal. The video proves very clearly that the earth must be a ball.ДЎ1 wabis (Walter Bislin, Author of this Page) | Anderson Note: the refraction directly above water can be much higher than the standard 7%! The occlusion fluctuates by many meters due to these refraction waves. These waves come only to a small extent from the water itself, but arise through the refraction. The video shows clearly how the image wobbles and flickers due to the fluctuations of the refraction, and that the Horzont is not a clear horizontal line, but shows wavy distortions. His measurements correspond exactly to the calculations for a globe earth with a radius of 6371 km, taking into account the standard refraction. In contrast to all flat-earth videos he considers the refraction in his calculations. He measures over three similar distances on different days and at different times of the day, how much of 4 about 300 m high chimneys is hidden by the curvature of the earth.

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In the excellent video FLAT EARTH - EXPERIMENT - TELESCOPE from the author Alex Chertnik shows how to measure and document measurements with the telescope over water the right way. Occlusion due to earth curvature with refraction

Over large distances, the light path through the atmosphere is disturbed in an unpredictable way. Note: You can trust your eyes only at short distances. This fact has been known for centuries among land surveyors and seafarers.

Source Wikipedia: wiki/ Horizon# Effect_ of_ atmospheric_ refraction if warm air is above cold water the refraction can lead the light hundreds of kilometers along the water surface! The result is that the earth is seemingly flat.